peak ground acceleration formula

0000005253 00000 n If the Property is located in a region with a high seismic risk (i.e., the Property is located in a region that has a 10% or greater probability of the maximum Peak Ground Acceleration equal to or greater than0.15g at intensity measures examined in particular were: peak ground acceleration (PGA), 5% damped spectral acceleration (pseudo-SA), acceleration spectrum intensity (ASI), and spectrum intensity (SI). E2003R1_PRVI0P01_Probabilistic.csv.gz The PDF of the peak displacement and peak acceleration obtained from the gPC method is in close agreement with that obtained from 5000 MC samples. Manual probing after the drop confirmed that the static resistance reached infinity and hence permanent failure was registered. PDF of peak displacement and peak acceleration for SDOF system. These variations, either amplification or de-amplification, will depend upon the site conditions. The peak acceleration is the maximum level of shock during the impact. The Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCEG) peak ground acceleration (PGA) values of the 2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions and the 2016 ASCE/SEI 7 Standard are calculated from the data in the downloadable files below, via the following equation: PGA = min[ PGAUH , max( PGAD84th , 0.5 ) ] where PGAUH = uniform-hazard peak ground acceleration; PGAD84th = 84th-percentile peak ground acceleration. Relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Intensity in Taiwan 389 Figure 3. A large of 549 Gal gives a PGA . The empirical attenuation relationships for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) are developed by using more than three thousand strong-motion data from Japanese earthquakes. As the PCB is experiencing the maximum bending at the center during drop test, only real-time resistances of packages labeled “A,” “B,” and “C” (Fig. If a structure meets FEE following an inspection, immediate operation is allowed and minimal damage is permissible. The exceedance probability of the proposed site-specific design response spectrum is calculated. Soc. Root mean square acceleration is the square root of the mean of the squared acceleration computed for some specified duration of the record. Values of peak horizontal ground velocity and displacement derived from accelerograms of past earthquakes and The PGA is a measure of maximum amplitude of motion and is defined as the largest absolute value of acceleration time history. Found inside – Page 96The calculation of the earthquake trigger factor is derived from a process that begins with the calculation of the peak ground acceleration attenuation ... Magnitude, Peak Ground Velocity & Peak Ground Acceleration. Charpy test is usually used for investigating interface and bulk material toughness, which is discussed in the following section. The variability of building responses with respect to the ground motion parameter is analyzed by testing the relationship between NRRD and standard or specific IMs. The signal obtained (Fig. 5 Plot of the peak ground acceleration vs. the mean annual occurrence rate for the sample sites shown in Figure 4. Peak ground acceleration (PGA), also termed as zero-period acceleration (ZPA), is defined as the absolute maximum amplitude of recorded acceleration. This level has a corresponding 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (amounting to return period of approximately 2,500 years). It should be noted that the Bordeaux-Dax line is new and a deterioration of these values must be expected as the track ages. PGA calculations to determine the susceptibility of an area due to an earthquake have been carried out by Figure 16.13. trailer << /Size 100 /Info 60 0 R /Root 62 0 R /Prev 719101 /ID[<87d30aee7b300cc876eb7ccbd438921e><87d30aee7b300cc876eb7ccbd438921e>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 62 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 48 0 R /JT 59 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << /S 304 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 99 0 R >> stream Fig. EPE, expanded polyethylene; EPS, expanded polystyrene; EPU, expanded polyurethane. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108(2), 929-945. doi: 10.1785/0120170245. Vertical acceleration of the ballast, whose signal is very repetitive, must depend primarily upon the dynamic wheel loads, and this would confirm what has been said concerning the maximum wheel load. 0000008805 00000 n The shock absorption characteristics of packaging materials are obtained by subjecting samples of the material to a batch of impact tests. The book is designed to support graduate teaching and learning, introduce practicing structural and geotechnical engineers to earthquake analysis and design problems, as well as being a reference book for further studies. The design yield strength of the inelastic systems is specified from the base . The research calculates peak ground acceleration (PGA) as a function of earthquake magnitude and distance. The output peak groundp acceleration is normalized by input peak ground acceleration and correlated with various soil parameters, which influence the amplification characteristics of soil deposit usingXLSTAT 2007. This book presents a comprehensive treatment of earthquake hazards in Lebanon and its vicinity. The reference PDFs are the PDFs obtained at the MC 5000. Ground Motion Prediction Equation. Found inside – Page iiiThis work is an elementary but comprehensive textbook which provides the latest updates in the fields of Earthquake Engineering, Dynamics of Structures, Seismology and Seismic Design, introducing relevant new topics to the fields such as ... Fig. The USGS 2008 seismic hazard maps identify effective peak acceleration (EPA), (based on seismology of the area) which reflects light, moderate, and severe shaking risks as a percentage of the acceleration of gravity that can be expected in an area. Earthquake loading should be combined with other simultaneous loadings, such as gravity, buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure. Sampling frequency = 50.00 Hz, (b) Peak ground acceleration reduced to 0.260g of time process. Figure 10 shows cushion curves obtained by testing double wall corrugated fiberboard (BC flute) at different conditions. In addition, the natural frequency of the SDOF falls in the variation range of the loading frequency. From the results of the tests on vehicle it is possible to obtain a statistical approximation of the vertical stresses of the non-impulse type. motion from an earthquake, expressed as a percentage of g, with g being the acceleration of a falling object due to gravity. 16.12. Table 6. - Magnitude: 5.1 - 7.9. 8). The Boore‐Joyner‐Fumal empirical formula [1] is well known for this purpose. Appropriate for courses in Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering or Seismology. This is the first book on the market focusing specifically on the topic of geotechnical earthquake engineering. The goal is to pick a static loading that provides the best cushioning – region 2 in Figure 12, Factors that influence peak acceleration are shown in generic cushion curves presented in Figure 13. [1]. However, there is a big challenge to model IMC in the simulation accurately in terms of its morphology and material properties. 0000001195 00000 n Two Hazard Levels: One approach to satisfying basic safety objectives using EPA maps is to evaluate a structural design according to two levels of shaking hazard: the functional evaluation event (FEE) and the safety evaluation event (SEE). Syahdan No 9 Palmerah Jakarta 11480 Indonesia 2 Department of Computer Science and Electronic, Gadjah Mada University, Sekip Utara, Bulak Sumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Found insideThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Computational Methods in Systems and Software 2017, a conference that provided an international forum for the discussion of the latest high-quality research results in all areas related ... 0000002688 00000 n According to ISO 19002, when the response spectrum method is used and one design spectrum is applied equally in both horizontal directions, the complete quadratic combination (CQC) method may be used for combining modal responses and the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) may be used for combining the directional responses. This study used historical earthquake data occurred in 1988-April 2018 from the International Seismological Center and microtremor measurements of 33 points. Trapezoidal blocks and other forms that are different from rectangular blocks, often used in design, are adjusted to their equivalent rectangular block dimensions. Asymmetry in platform stiffness or mass distribution may lead to significant torsional response, which should be considered. (2021-09-14 15:03), Gridded earthquake ground motions for the 2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions and 2016 ASCE/SEI 7 Standard, 2 : Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean Peak Ground Accelerations. Luco, N., Bachman, R.E., Crouse, C.B., Harris, J.R., Hooper, J.D., Kircher, C.A., Caldwell, P.J., & Rukstales, K.S., 2015, Updates to Building-Code Maps for the 2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions, Earthquake Spectra, 31(1_suppl), S245–S271. Site 1 is far from an earthquake source while site 2 is near an earthquake . The Boore‐Joyner‐Fumal empirical formula [1] is well known for this purpose. As such, no failure is considered for the VQFN package after the 15th drop. Table 16.9. Ballast Acceleration Records. Methods . The ratio of the design ground acceleration during construction phase α gc to the reference peak ground acceleration α g,R is calculated in accordance with EN1998-2 equation (A.3): α gc / α g,R = (T Rc / T NCR) k = (5.3 years / 475.0 years) 0.300 = 0.260 Kenneth W. Campbell, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003. óôìнÚþÀ¿ƒa=óyéµÕs† ÷DÝ8º¶+‚¨…LbŽôdyÐ%ÈÌÄéªr¡IÅg“¨J€GçÔ#* ×D[‚-”ZšU‚$#U‚c[›±(P8šÒæ)r=‘#¡c €]Í*¬“,TÛ]\BC;@Ö²¸xt A\FA‰°cŒA\ÖÐÐЈÌeRÒ r”@ Äå )5îèÀãO Ðaàz•¤•A^‹ˆ2ð²^PiõáQøÎTÃÀl.Áá×À ³€k Response Spectrum Comparison Before and After Reducing PGA (a) Peak ground acceleration is 0.42g of original time process; Maximum value = 1468.30 m/g 2 (time: 7 s). It has been found that the correlation equation relating peak horizontal ground acceleration (a H) to Modified Mercalli intensity (I MM) which best describes the trends in the subset of this new sample consisting of the nearly 900 observations for which a H ≧ 10 cm/sec 2 is Vibrations normally consist of linear harmonic motion that can be expressed mathematically as: where X is the displacement from the equilibrium position at any general point in time, Xo is the peak displacement from the equilibrium position, and ω is the angular frequency of the oscillations. Found insideThis important handbook reviews the wealth of recent research in the area of seismic hazard analysis in modern earthquake design code provisions and practices Examines research into the analysis of ground motion and seismic hazard ... The MC simulation with increasing number of modal evaluations and the PDFs are plotted in Fig. With the PBGA solder balls mounted onto an OSP pad finish, the first failure was observed at the 15th drop. This hazard level has a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years (i.e., a return period of approximately 500 years). 0000010497 00000 n By differentiating Eq. The widely-used so-called “equal-hazard (or probability-consistent) response spectrum” does not reflect the physical characteristics of a real spectrum and usually result in overestimation, especially for high arch dams. Figure 3.1. Yoshimitsu Fukushima and Teiji Tanaka, 1992, The revision of "A New Attenuation Relation for Peak Horizontal Acceleration of Strong Earthquake Ground Motion in Japan", Abstracts The Seismological Society of Japan, 1992, Fall Meeting, B18 (in Japanese). 0000010304 00000 n Cross sectioning showed that no solder joint crack were found. The output acceleration of PCB center as shown in Fig. For the response spectrum method, as many modes should be considered as required for an adequate representation of the response. Trials along the “Bordeaux-Dax” Line. Average and standard deviation of ratio of spectral acceleration at short period (S s) and 1 second period (S 1) versus PGA for different range PGA accordingly maps of USA Table5. It is actually found (Fig. However, at smaller distances, the equations significantly underestimated the peak ground motions, and it was eminent for PGVs. For the PBGA package with OSP finish, due to stronger IMC adhesion strength, the failure site is being migrated to the solder joint, copper traces, and PCB resin layers [87,88]. 16.11. 5) is very strongly distorted by high frequency oscillations of over 1000 Hz, which cannot be taken into account because they correspond to rail vibrations. "This book is a concise introduction to the interactions between earthquakes and human-built structures (buildings, dams, bridges, power plants, pipelines and more). Previous studies showed that Cu/Sn IMC has stronger adhesion strength than Ni/Sn IMC [97]. 1 Scaling of peak ground acceleration with M w. Scholz (1982a) discusses the consequences of the L rupture model for the scaling of peak ground acceleration, PGA, with rupture length, L.This note shows that derivations of the scaling of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with magnitude made using this rupture model are consistent with what has been found empirically in strong . We have also measured the vertical accelerations of the rails, cross-ties and ballast (Fig. Using this event the loading rate was calculated as the slope of vGRF between 20 and 80 percent of the passive vGRF peak time ( Willy et al., 2008 ; Crowell and . Found inside – Page 74The first is a modified form of the Esteva and Rosenblueth formula ( 1964 ) involving magnitude , hypocentral distance and peak ground acceleration . 15. A statistical analysis is performed to investigate the significance of peak ground acceleration to velocity ratio (a/v) on the displacement ductility demand of simple bilinear hysteretic systems.Three groups of earthquake records representative of low, normal and high<a/v ranges are used as input ground motions. 0000003619 00000 n It is the acceration ratio of the constant acceration branch to the peak ground acceleration. RH, relative humidity. ground surface, and RVT is utilized to calculate peak time domain parameters, such as peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration, from the FAS. The probabilistic maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively.
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