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It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2 (7,412,000 sq mi),[1] almost 13% of the Earth's land surface area. [218] As democracy began to spread across the region, feminist movements gradually began to push for more reproductive rights. [363] A few examples are Café Tacuba, Soda Stereo, Maná, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Rita Lee, Mutantes, Secos e Molhados Legião Urbana, Titãs, Paralamas do Sucesso, Cazuza, Barão Vermelho, Skank, Miranda!, Cansei de Ser Sexy or CSS, and Bajo Fondo. Argentina has important international airports such as Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Ruling in the name of the deposed Bourbon monarch Ferdinand VII, representatives of the Spanish empire, both from the peninsula and Spanish America, convened a convention in the port of Cadiz. [362] Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban Leo Brouwer and guitar work of the Venezuelan Antonio Lauro and the Paraguayan Agustín Barrios. Despite the stance by the Vatican against liberation theology, articulated by Cardinal Josef Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) in 1984, many Catholic clergy and laity worked against repressive military regimes. [212] There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018. Woodville. Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. As many as 250,000 Mexicans served in this way. Found insideGiuliana Chamedes offers the first comprehensive history of the Vatican’s efforts to defeat the forces of secular liberalism and communism through international law, cultural diplomacy, and a marriage of convenience with authoritarian and ... In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. Nahuatl is one of the 62 Native languages spoken by Indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish. Many followed folk Catholicism, venerated saints, and celebrated religious festivals. [194], According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant. [133][134] Che Guevara left Cuba to fight first in Africa, and then went to Bolivia to try to foment revolution there. Events in Europe had a profound impact on the colonial empires of Spain, Portugal, and France in the Americas. I had a blast playing both games, and I'm officially hooked on the series, so needless to say, I was thrilled to see Triumvir announced as a new P500 addition in GMT Games' May 2021 Update newsletter. In, View Previous The earliest known human settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Several right-wing leaders rose to power, including Argentina's Mauricio Macri and Brazil's Michel Temer, following a controversial impeachment of the country's first female president. Kiernan, James Patrick, “Havana Conference (1928)”. Although the initial overthrow of the Somoza regime in 1978–79 was a bloody affair, the Contra War of the 1980s took the lives of tens of thousands of Nicaraguans and was the subject of fierce international debate. Crime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Liberals sought a new model of government, a constitutional monarchy, with limits on the power of the king as well as on the Catholic Church. Burden, David K. La Idea Salvadora: Immigration and Colonization Politics in Mexico, 1821–1857. The 1494 line of demarcation by Spain and Portugal gave Spain all areas to the west, and Portugal all areas to the east. Napoleon III of France invaded Mexico in 1862 and facilitated the appointment of Maximilian von Hapsburg. "[8] The following year the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo also used the term in his poem "The Two Americas". Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, in Argentina and later to Santiago, in Chile. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and Indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Natural gas - production. According to the 2019 list, Mexico would have the twelfth most valuable industry in the world (US$217.8 billion), Brazil has the thirteenth largest (US$173.6 billion), Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, which depend on oil to obtain this value), Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).[291]. In Argentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. 1825-1870, International conflicts between Latin American nations, US involvement in Latin America, 1870–1933, Interwar period and World War II, 1920s–1945, Nicaraguan Revolution and the Central American wars, Includes the population estimates for South American and Central American countries excluding Belize, Guyana, the United States, and Spanish and French speaking Caribbean countries and territories, as listed under ", Not including Anglophone or Dutch-speaking countries, such as. [333], Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 1, 316-17. The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the standard reform package were promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Department of the Treasury during the 1980s and 1990s. For Australia, the EE20 diesel engine was first offered in the Subaru BR Outback in 2009 and subsequently powered the Subaru SH Forester, SJ Forester and BS Outback.The EE20 diesel engine underwent substantial changes in 2014 to comply with Euro 6 emissions standards – … IEA. The most important highway in the country is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway)[311] These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways, in South America. Information and analysis of Latin America, Map of Land Cover: Latin America and Caribbean (FAO), Keeping Latin America on the World News Agenda – Interview with Michael Reid of, Cold War in Latin America, CSU Pomona University, Latin America Cold War Resources, Yale University, Latin America Cold War, Harvard University, http://larc.ucalgary.ca/ Latin American Research Centre, University of Calgary, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), Central American Integration System (SICA), Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (PROSUR), Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL), Central America-4 Border Control Agreement, Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA), Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&oldid=1044929801, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from August 2021, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2013, Беларуская (тарашкевіца), Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Liss, Sheldon B. “Cuba since 1959”. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. [75] When Mexico achieved independence, the U.S. recognized the government under Agustín de Iturbide, sending diplomat Joel Poinsett as its representative 1822–23. A peace accord was reached in 1996 and the Catholic Church called for a truth and reconciliation commission. 4, 250, May, Robert E. "William Walker". The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by strong U.S. support for the government and its military as well as a heavy reliance on U.S.-based multi-national corporations. With its Soviet alliance dissolved, Cuba entered a Special Period of severe economic disruption, high death rates, and food shortages. By then, another source of cheap labor to work on coffee plantations was found in Japan. Cuban cinema has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution and important film-makers include Tomás Gutiérrez Alea. The World Bank Economic Review 25.1 (2011): 57-76. Found insideEminent cultural historian Michelle Perrot traces the evolution of the bedroom from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans to today, examining its myriad forms and functions, from royal king’s chamber to child’s sleeping quarters to ... "Mexican migration to the United States: A critical review." [16] French ruler Napoleon III had a strong interest in extending French commercial and political power in the region he and his business promoter Felix Belly called "Latin America" to emphasize the shared Latin background of France with the former Viceroyalties of Spain and colonies of Portugal. When Napoleon was defeated and the Bourbon monarchy restored in 1814, Ferdinand VII and his conservative supporters immediately reasserted absolutist monarchy, ending the liberal interregnum. MacLeod, Murdo J. [143] In 2000, the Cochabamba Water War in Bolivia saw major protests against the World Bank-funded project that would have brought potable water to the city, but at a price that no residents could afford. Countries like Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil have their own dialects or variations of German and Italian. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Almost the immediately, the U.S. reacted hostility against the new regime. The Nicaraguan Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978–79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN and the Contras from 1981 to 1990. Dictoratorial powers were granted to some strongmen, nominally ruling as presidents under a constitution, as "constitutional dictators. However, the U.S. continued to try to remove Castro from power by assassination attempts. After World War I, U.S. interventionism diminished, culminating in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in 1933. With the example of the conquest of central Mexico, Spaniards sought similar great empires to conquer, with expansion in other regions of Mexico and Central America, and then the conquest of the Inca empire by Francisco Pizarro. "Camilo Torres Restrepo". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 272. It has become very popular among populations with a "migrant culture" influence â€“ both Latino populations in the United States, such as southern Florida and New York City, and parts of Latin America where migration to the United States is common, such as Trinidad and Tobago, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Mexico. They are in museums all over the world, and are among the most admired paintings of our time. Yet nobody knows the extraordinarily dramatic story behind their creation. At independence in the early nineteenth century, in many places in Spanish America formal racial and legal distinctions disappeared, although black slavery was not abolished uniformly. [285] In the production of gold, among 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. The revolution was a huge event not only in Cuban history, but also the history of Latin America and the world. [288], In the production of natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1,524 bcf (billions of cubic feet), Mexico produced 999, Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379. Berkeley journal of sociology (2002): 79-112. [19] Edward Shawcross summarizes Ardao's and Rojas Mix's findings in the following way: "Ardao identified the term in a poem by a Colombian diplomat and intellectual resident in France, José María Torres Caicedo, published on 15 February 1857 in a French based Spanish-language newspaper, while Rojas Mix located it in a speech delivered in France by the radical liberal Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in June 1856". Financing of water and sanitation remains a serious challenge. In 1981 FONCINE (the Venezuelan Film Fund) was founded, and this year it provided even more funding to produce seventeen feature films. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh. [321], Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. [151], The COVID-19 pandemic proved a political challenge for many unstable Latin American democracies, with scholars identifying a decline in civil liberties as a result of opportunistic emergency powers. 5, 436-37, Sater, William F. “War of the Pacific”. Found insideThe Bitter Taste of Victory is a brilliant and important addition to the literature of World War II. Although most countries created written constitutions and created separate branches of government, the state and rule of law were weak, the military emerged as the dominant institution in the civil sphere. In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, Alejo Carpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered. Despite Spain and Britain's happiness at France's defeat, they "were obsessed by the possible impact of the slave uprising on Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Jamaica" (now a British sugar colony). Some of the largest and most violent of these have been protests against cuts in urban services, such as the Caracazo in Venezuela and the Argentinazo in Argentina. The navy escorted hundreds of Allied ships through hostile waters, flew thousands of hours on convoy and patrol duty, and rescued over 200 victims of German U-Boat attacks from the sea. Found insideAs a Cambridge philosopher and economist, Keynes spent his days moving between government service and academia. It is also a companion volume to McCrum's very successful 100 Best Novels published by Galileo in 2015. The list of books starts in 1611 with the King James Bible and ends in 2014 with Elizabeth Kolbert's The Sixth Extinction. Gill, Anthony J. [315], About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande, Port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups: only 75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school. In Bolivia, coca workers organized into a union, and Evo Morales, ethnically an Aymara, became its head. [203] Colombians migrated to Spain and the United Kingdom during the region's political turmoil, compounded by the rise of narcotrafficking and guerrilla warfare. The news helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April 1917 as well as calm U.S.-Mexico relations. These differences have a strong impact on the distribution of income, capital and political standing. Green cells indicate the best performance in each category while red indicates the lowest. Haiti gained independence, led by ex-slave Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1804 following many years of violent struggle, with huge atrocities on both sides. An example of the new consciousness was the dismantling of the Christopher Columbus monument in Buenos Aires, one of many in the hemisphere, mandated by leftist President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. It also increased the number of viceroyalties in Spanish South America. High inequality is rooted in the deepest exclusionary institutions of the Casta system[163][164][165] that have been perpetuated ever since colonial times and that have survived different political and economic regimes. oral traditions also prevailed in other major Indigenous groups including, but not limited to the Aztecs and other Nahuatl speakers, Quechua and Aymara of the Andean regions, the Quiché of Central America, the Tupi-Guaraní in today's Brazil, the Guaraní in Paraguay and the Mapuche in Chile. The presidencies of Hugo Chávez (1999-2013) in Venezuela, Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff of the Workers Party (PT) in Brazil, Néstor Kirchner and his wife Cristina Fernández in Argentina, Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay, Manuel Zelaya in Honduras (removed from power by a coup d'état), Mauricio Funes and Salvador Sánchez Cerén in El Salvador are all part of this wave of left-wing politicians who often declare themselves socialists, Latin Americanists, or anti-imperialists (often implying opposition to US policies towards the region). The French also sought commercial ties to Latin America, to export luxury goods and establish financial ties, including extending foreign loans to governments, often in dire need of revenue. Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1807-1808 was a major change in the world order, with the stability of both the metropoles and their overseas possessions upended. Trade was regulated through the royal House of Trade in Seville, Spain, with the main export product from Spanish America to Spain being silver, later followed by the red dye cochineal. "Discovery" by Europeans was reframed as "encounter" of the Old World and the New. In the Andes, llamas were domesticated and used for transportation of goods; Mesoamerica had no large domesticated animals to aid human labor or provide meat. Mexicans immigrated to the U.S. during the violence of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)[198] and the religious Cristero War (1926–29);[199] during World War II, Mexican men provided labor in the U.S. via the bracero program. Some nations had already declared war on the Axis Powers, and others severed relations with the Axis. Exports largely fell and economies stagnated. Found insideThe author of several award-winning books, Michael S. Neiberg provides a lucid and authoritative account of the Treaty of Versailles, explaining the enormous challenges facing those who tried to put the world back together after the global ... The 1898 Spanish–American War resulted in the end of Spanish colonial presence in the Americas. Another is movement of populations internationally, often fleeing repression or war. The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. The major trade blocs (or agreements) in the region are the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur. Economic migration from Mexico followed the crash of the Mexican economy in the 1980s. Plantations for sugar cultivation developed on a large scale for the export market in Brazil and the Caribbean islands. [317] Considering all of Latin America, the 10 busiest airports in 2017 were: Mexico City (Mexico), São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), Cancún (Mexico), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago ( Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasilia (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Tocumen (Panama). Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel. Search. Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives 11: 5-17, 2021. After years of struggle, Cuban revolutionaries led by Jesuit-educated, Cuban lawyer Fidel Castro overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista, with 1 January 1959 marked as the revolution's victory. Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean soca and calypso, the Honduran (Garifuna) punta, the Colombian cumbia and vallenato, the Chilean cueca, the Ecuadorian boleros, and rockoleras, the Mexican ranchera and the mariachi which is the epitome of Mexican soul, the Nicaraguan palo de Mayo, the Peruvian marinera and tondero, the Uruguayan candombe, the French Antillean zouk (derived from Haitian compas) and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the Andean region. However, the native language of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, is Papiamento, a creole language largely based on Portuguese and Spanish and has a considerable influence coming from the Dutch language and Portuguese-based creole languages. [citation needed] Water and sanitation services are provided by a vast array of mostly local service providers under an often fragmented policy and regulatory framework. Found insideThis book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. For a number of countries in the nineteenth century, especially Mexico, liberals viewed the Catholic Church as an intransigent obstacle to modernization, and when liberals gained power, anticlericalism was written into law, such as the Mexican liberal Constitution of 1857 and the Uruguayan Constitution of 1913 which secularized the state.
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